Maktab :an elementary school was known as a maktab.
Madrasah : referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the religious sciences, namely Islamic law and theology.
Madaris : were divided into lower and specialised levels.
Danişhmend : students who studied in the specialised schools after completing courses in the lower levels became known as danişhmends.
Fiqh : islamic jurisprudence.
Usul al-fiqh : principles of jurisprudence.is the study and critical analysis of the origins, sources, and principles upon which Islamic jurisprudence is based. Traditionally four main sources (Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus (Ijma), analogical reason (Qiyas)) are analysed along with a number of secondary sources and principles.
Madhhab : “a way to act” is a school of thought within fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
Madhahib : plural or Madhab
Prominent Madahib : islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, Hanbali), two Shia schools (Ja’fari, Zaidi), the Ibadi school and the Zahiri school.
Sunnis: sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: Ahl al-Ra’i (“people of opinions”, emphasizing scholarly judgment and reason) and Ahl al-Hadith (“people of traditions”, emphasizing strict interpretation of scripture). Sunni Muslims are also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā’ah “people of the tradition and the community of Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W) or Ahl as-Sunnah for short.
Ijtihad : is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist’s mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. In its technical sense, ijtihad can be defined as a “process of legal reasoning and hermeneutics through which the jurist-mujtahid derives or rationalizes law on the basis of the Qur’an and the Sunna.
Mujtahid : an Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ijtihad is called a mujtahid.
Taqlid : imitation, conformity to legal precedent.
Aḥkām : rulings of the sharī‘ah (Islamic canonical law).
Sharī‘ah : Islamic canonical law.
Sunnah : is a path, a way, a manner of life, all the traditions and practices of the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W), it is the body of traditional social and legal custom and practice of the Islamic community, based on the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions or disapprovals of the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W), as well as various reports about Muhammad (S.A.W) companions (Sahabah -raḍiyu l-Lāhu ‘anhu R.A.A).
Sunnah Qawliyyah : specific words or the sayings of Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W), generally synonymous with “hadith”, since the sayings of Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W) are noted down by the companions(Sahabah – raḍiyu l-Lāhu ‘anhu R.A.A) and called hadith.
Sunnah Fiiliyyah : the habits, practices and the actions, including both religious and worldly actions, of Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W).
Sunnah Taqririyyah : silent approvals of Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W), regarding the actions of the Companions which occurred in two different ways first instance when Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W) kept silent for an action and did not oppose it and secondly when the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W) showed his pleasure and smiled for a companion’s(Ashabas -R.A.A) action.
As – Sîra : the biography of the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W).
Al – Maghâzî : the chronicle of his battles.
Ash – Shamâ’il : the personal and moral qualities of the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W).
Asbâb Al – Wurûd : circumstances of occurrence in hadith.
Matn : is the actual wording of the hadith by which its meaning is established.
Sanad : consists of a ‘chain’ of the narrators, each mentioning the one from whom they heard the hadith until mentioning the originator of the matn, along with the matn itself.
Ilm ar-Rijal : biographical evaluation, it relates to the detailed study of the narrators who make up the sanad.
Muhaddith : criterion -.
1. The four things which one must write are:
The ahadith of the Prophet and his rulings
The sayings of the Sahaba and the status of each sahabi
The sayings of the Tabieen (i.e., the Salaf-us Salaheen who met the Sahaba, but did not meet the Blessed Prophet). The level of each of the Tabieen. Who amongst them was reliable and who was unreliable
Knowledge of all the narrators who narrate ahadith and their history
2. The history of the narrators must include four things:
Their Isma-ul-Rijjal (biographies)
Their kunniyaat (nicknames)
Their place of settlement
Their date of birth and date of death (to verify whether this person met the people whom he narrated from).
Hadith Classifications:
Sahih Hadith : sound or authentic hadith.
Hasan Hadith : good hadith.
Da’if Hadith : weak hadith.
Sahih al-Bukhari : actual name of the book is (al-Jaami’ al-Sahih al-Musnad al-Mukhtasar min Umuri Rasooli-llahi wa sunanihi wa Ayyaamihi), is one of the Kutub al-Sittah – six major hadith collections of Sunni Islam, the hadiths were collected by the Muslim scholar Muhammad al-Bukhari actual name was Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrah ibn Bardizbah al-Ju‘fī al-Bukhārī, commonly called Imam al-Bukhari or Imam Bukhari (Friday, 19 July 810 (13 Shawwal 194 AH) – 1 September 870)).
Sahih Muslim : collection of authentic hadith by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (AH (817/818) – 204 AH (819/820)).
Sahabah : Sahabi Companion is one who met the Prophet Muhammad – sallall hu alayhi wa sallam – whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim.
An Explanation : Once a male or female Muslim has seen the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W) only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with the Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W) and then joins the Believers after the demise of the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W), he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterwards although he had seen the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W) as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of the Prophet Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W), is a Sahaba.
Sahabah are divided into three categories:
1. As Sabiqoon Al Awaloon : Those who were Muslims at the time of Badr.
They are further classified into two:
Muhajreen – who immigrants from Mecca.
Ansar – helpers original inhabitants of Medina.
2.Sahabah – Kibaar : These people were Muslims before the victory of Mecca and went into exile and fought for Allah’s cause in most of the wars. They are also high in degree, especially those who were present at Hudabiyah.
3. Ashaab at-tulaqa’a – They were non-Muslim at the time of victory of Mecca, after that, they were forgiven by Muhammad, then they became Muslims..